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HANDBOOK OF THETREES OF NEW ENGLANDWITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
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KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.
PINOIDEÆ. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.
ABIETACEÆ. Larix. Pinus. Picea. Tsuga. Abies.
CUPRESSACEÆ. Thuja. Cupressus. Juniperus.
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack. Hacmatack. Larch. Juniper.
PINUS.
The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our species are all minutely serrulate.
Pinus rigida, Mill. Pitch Pine. Hard Pine.
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. Scrub Pine. Gray Pine. Spruce Pine. Jack Pine.
Pinus resinosa, Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Pinus sylvestris, L. Scotch Pine
Picea nigra, Link. Black Spruce. Swamp Spruce. Double Spruce. Water Spruce.
Picea rubra, Link. Red Spruce.
Picea alba, Link. White Spruce. Cat Spruce. Skunk Spruce. Labrador Spruce.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.
Abies balsamea, Mill. Fir Balsam. Balsam. Fir.
Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor-Vitæ. White Cedar. Cedar.
Cupressus thyoides, L. White Cedar. Cedar.
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Cedar. Savin.
SALICACEÆ. WILLOW FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the leaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile and fertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyx or corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entire or 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule.
POPULUS.
Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers; stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided, elongated or spreading.
SALIX.
Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few.
Populus tremuloides, Michx. Poplar. Aspen.
Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar. Large-toothed Aspen.
Populus heterophylla, L. Poplar. Swamp Poplar. Cottonwood.
Populus deltoides, Marsh. Cottonwood. Poplar.
Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam. Poplar. Balm of Gilead.
Populus candicans, Ait. Balm of Gilead.
Populus alba, L. Abele. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar.
Salix discolor. Muhl. Pussy Willow. Glaucous Willow.
Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow
Salix fragilis and Salix alba.
Salix fragilis, L. Crack Willow. Brittle Willow.
JUGLANDACEÆ. WALNUT FAMILY.
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. Oilnut. Lemon Walnut.
Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut.
Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark. Shagbark or Shellbark Hickory. Walnut.
Carya tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut. White-heart Hickory. Walnut.
Carya porcina, Nutt. Pignut. White Hickory.
Carya amara, Nutt. Bitternut. Swamp Hickory.
BETULACEÆ. BIRCH FAMILY.
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood. Leverwood.
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Ironwood. Water Beech.
Betula lenta, L. Black Birch. Cherry Birch. Sweet Birch.
Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Betula nigra, L. Red Birch. River Birch.
Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch.
Alnus glutinosa, Medic. European Alder.
FAGACEÆ. BEECH FAMILY.
Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter. Chestnut.
QUERCUS.
Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted, usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous; bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed; stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly, becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed.
White Oaks.
Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened or knobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the first year.
Black Oaks.
Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat; stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year.
Quercus stellata, Wang. Post Oak. Box White Oak.
Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. Over-cup Oak. Mossy-cup Oak.
Quercus bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Quercus Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak.
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus prinoides, Willd. Scrub White Oak. Scrub Chestnut Oak.
Quercus coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Quercus velutina, Lam. Black Oak. Yellow Oak.
Quercus palustris, Du Roi. Pin Oak. Swamp Oak. Water Oak.
Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. Scrub Oak. Bear Oak.
ULMACEÆ. ELM FAMILY.
Ulmus Americana, L. Elm. American Elm. White Elm.
Ulmus fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Cork Elm. Rock Elm.
Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry. Nettle Tree. Hoop Ash. Sugar Berry.
MORACEÆ. MULBERRY FAMILY.
MAGNOLIACEÆ. MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. Poplar.
LAURACEÆ. LAUREL FAMILY.
Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras.
HAMAMELIDACEÆ. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.
Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet Gum.
PLATANACEÆ. PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
Platanus occidentalis, L. Buttonwood. Sycamore. Buttonball. Plane Tree.
POMACEÆ. APPLE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many, distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partially or entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles 1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed by consolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube.
Pyrus. Malus. Amelanchier. Cratægus.
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain Ash.
Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain Ash.
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. Shadbush. June-berry.
Cratægus.
A revision of genus Cratægus has long been a desideratum with botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by raising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wide areas.
Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. Cockspur Thorn.
Cratægus mollis, Scheele. Thorn.
DRUPACEÆ. PLUM FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate, mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one to several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular; calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on the calyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1, ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe.
Prunus nigra, Ait. Wild Plum. Red Plum. Horse Plum. Canada Plum.
Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f. Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Bird Cherry.
Prunus Virginiana, L. Chokecherry.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Rum Cherry. Black Cherry.
Prunus Avium, L. Mazard Cherry.
LEGUMINOSÆ. PULSE FAMILY.
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey Locust. Three-thorned Acacia.
Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Locust.
Robinia viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust.
SIMARUBACEÆ. AILANTHUS FAMILY.
Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. Ailanthus. Tree-of-heaven. Chinese Sumac.
ANACARDIACEÆ. SUMAC FAMILY.
Rhus typhina, L. Staghorn Sumac.
Rhus Vernix, L. Dogwood. Poison Sumac. Poison Elder.
AQUIFOLIACEÆ. HOLLY FAMILY.
Ilex opaca, Ait. Holly. American Holly.
ACERACEÆ. MAPLE FAMILY.
Acer rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple.
Acer saccharinum, L. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. White Maple. River Maple.
Acer Saccharum, Marsh. Rock Maple. Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. Sugar Tree.
Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. Black Maple.
Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.
Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Moosewood. Whistlewood.
Acer Negundo, L. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.
TILIACEÆ. LINDEN FAMILY.
Tilia Americana, L. Basswood. Linden. Lime. Whitewood.
CORNACEÆ. DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood.
Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood. Green Osier.
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge.
EBENACEÆ. EBONY FAMILY.
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon.
OLEACEÆ. OLIVE FAMILY.
Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash.
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Red Ash. Brown Ash. River Ash.
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green Ash.
Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. Black Ash. Swamp Ash. Basket Ash. Hoop Ash. Brown Ash.
CAPRIFOLIACEÆ. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep Berry. Sweet Viburnum. Nanny Plum.
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